This photo of my photoalbum was taken in Okinawa.

Polaroid is the name of a type of synthetic plastic sheet which is used to polarise light. The original material, patented in 1929 (U.S. Patent 1,918,848 ) and further developed in 1932 by Edwin H. Land, consists of many microscopic crystals of iodoquinine sulphate (herapathite) embedded in a transparent nitrocellulose polymer film. The needle-like crystals are aligned during manufacture of the film by stretching or by applying electric or magnetic fields. With the crystals aligned, the sheet is dichroic: it tends to absorb light which is polarised parallel to the direction of the crystal alignment, but transmits light which is polarised perpendicular to it. The resultant electric field of an electromagnetic wave (such as light) determines its polarisation. If the wave interacts with a line of crystals as in a sheet of polaroid, any varying electric field in the direction parallel to the line of the crystals will cause a current to flow along this line. The electrons moving in this current will collide with other particles and re-emit the light backwards and forwards. This will cancel the incident wave causing little or no transmission through the sheet. The component of the electric field perpendicular to the line of crystals however can cause only small movements in the electrons as they can't move very much from side to side. This means there will be little change in the perpendicular component of the field leading to transmission of the part of the light wave polarized perpendicular to the crystals only, hence allowing the material to be used as a light polariser. This material, known as J-sheet, was later replaced by the improved H-sheet Polaroid, invented in 1938 by Land. H-sheet is a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer impregnated with iodine. During manufacture, the PVA polymer chains are stretched such that they form an array of aligned, linear molecules in the material. The iodine dopant attaches to the PVA molecules and makes them conducting along the length of the chains. Light polarised parallel to the chains is absorbed, and light polarised perpendicular to the chains is transmitted. Another type of Polaroid is the K-sheet polariser, which consists of aligned polyvinylene chains. This polariser material is particularly resistant to humidity and heat. Polaroid sheets are used in liquid crystal displays, optical microscopes and sunglasses. The intensity of light passing through a Polaroid polariser is described by Malus's law. Polaroid is also used as a trade name for a variety of products sold by licensees of the Polaroid Corporation, including consumer electronics, sunglasses based on Polaroid polarisers, and instant-print photographic film and cameras.

Toy cameras are simple, inexpensive film box cameras made almost entirely out of plastic, often including the lens. The term is misleading, since they are not 'toys' in the sense that these cameras are actually capable of taking photographs. Many were made to be given away as novelties or prizes. The Diana, an inexpensive 1960s 4x4cm novelty box camera from Hong Kong, is typically the camera most associated with the term 'toy camera'. Other cameras, such as the LOMO LC-A, Lubitel, and Holga, while originally intended as consumer, mass-market cameras, have also become identified with the term. Many professional photographers have utilized toy cameras and the often strange optical effects of their inexpensive lenses to take award-winning photographs. Toy camera photography has been widely exhibited at many popular art shows, such as the annual Krappy Kamera® show at the Soho Photo Gallery in the TriBeCa neighborhood of New York City. Various publications such as Photography magazine have extolled the virtues of the Diana camera in its own right as an "art" producing image maker. Several books have also featured the work of toy cameras, such as "The Diana Show", "Iowa", and "Angels at the Arno". There is also a popular website Toy Camera devoted to the use of toy cameras.